What is Dark Matter and Dark Energy?

1. 

   @kurzgesagt

   October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

   You want to learn more about science? Check out our sciency products on the kurzgesagt shop – all designed with love and produced with care.
   Getting something from the kurzgesagt shop is the best way to support us and to keep our videos free for everyone.
   ►► http://kgs.link/science
   (Worldwide Shipping Available)

2. 

   @purple54997

   October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

   wth do you mean this was 10 years ago???

3. 

   @EclipsepredFinder

   October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

   We can just use the quantum mechanics theory to make another possible outcome

4. 

   @TheAnomalyFilesOfficial

   October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

   Finally, a video that explains the universe using only invisible stuff! 😂

5. 

   @22wabbit

   October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

   I was hoping to learn something about Dark Matter but this video just injected more confusion and meaningless twaddle.

6. 

   @abcd-t8t2u

   October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

   wowooww

7. 

   @jamie-ox8sg

   October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

   6 minite 20 seconds to say we have no idea in seconds then babble on for the rest of it wtf is this bull shit

8. 

   @ARandomGamer12

   October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

   What if it's in the air

9. 

   @lukecampbell_ps.27.4

   October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

   Don’t be an ape, looking into your smartphone.

   Repent and believe you are specially created in the image of God and have a value far above any other created creature.

   Has science finally, and unwittingly, found God actively at work as the Bible describes? It says His hands stretch out the universe and heavens and He holds all things together. Those of us who believe Him and trust His Word have long recognized our “scientific materialistic mechanism” would be incapable of observing or “testing” God. So, it could be a prediction that we will never be able to find out what dark energy or matter is by “scientifically” conventional means because we are literally seeing the physical effects of a spiritual Being Who fills the heavens and lovingly governs it, while He stretches it out and holds it together at the same time. It will never be discovered because He is uncreated and we’re not going to discover One Who is immaterial by material means.

10. 

    @SherielAsfordds

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    I got a lot of value from this.

11. 

    @jimarg9300

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    I think dark matter gives us our laws of physics and it alien made to restrain us here. It’s a cage!!!

12. 

    @Naasir-n9y4g

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    Then you have to know there is god the one and only creator who sent all the messengers but why people choose trinity is for me more wonderful than this sign of God's existence

13. 

    @TheMridusGaming_22

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    So that means energy can be created but we don't know how

14. 

    @ZeshanAhmed-y6v

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    “Virtual Particles continuously form from nothing and disappear into nothing.” 4:53 … The Moon landing was a lie.

15. 

    @themaskedmandate3633

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    Dark matter is most likely either an axion or a shadow particle (don't bother looking up shadow particle it made it up cuz it sounds cool. It's kind of like a shadow for matter instead of light). Axions are made by photons, so it makes sense.

16. 

    @Sanatanmanav

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    Matter is made up of electrons, protons and neutrons.There is no such thing as dark matter.There is only dark energy in the entire universe. It is the only one that is equally unbroken and immortal.

17. 

    @sanya_timi

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    This "simplified" video is already getting too much for my head
    I'll come back later

18. 

    @bosssyndrome6416

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    Next time I start thinking about how much scientific progress humanity has made, I'll have to remember that our current understanding of the universe is that 70% of it is something we literally call "Dark Energy".

19. 

    @zianimohamedanwar

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    Gμν + Λ_eff gμν = 8πG [ T^SM_μν + α_DM ( ΔA_μαβ ΔA_ν^αβ − 1/2 g_μν ΔA_ρσλ ΔA^ρσλ ) ]

20. 

    @zianimohamedanwar

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    ρ_DM ∝ Σ | A – A₀ |²

    ρ_Λ = E₀ – E_cancelled

21. 

    @zianimohamedanwar

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    صبورة الخلق الأول: المادة المظلمة كأساس للوجود

    في جوهر الواقع، وقبل نشوء الزمكان، يوجد الإكتون كوحدة جبرية غير تجميعية، مما يجعل الحقيقة نصًا معلوماتيًا يعتمد على السياق وليس مجرد مجموعة من الأشياء. عندما تبلورت السببية من الفوضى الأولية عبر "تجمد" المقرّن الجبري في لحظة الخلق الأولى، لم يكن هذا الفعل مثاليًا، فكان أول نتاج مادي له هو "العيوب" أو الندوب الطوبولوجية في نسيج الوجود، وهي ما نفسره اليوم بالمادة المظلمة. يمكن اعتبار هذه البنية الأولى صبورة الخلق الأول، فهي الأساس الذي وُجد قبل كتابة أي شيء آخر، وهي الهيكل الجاذبي الخامل الذي رُسمت عليه لاحقًا مجرات المادة العادية المضيئة، كالطباشير على لوح أسود. وعلى هذه الصبورة الصامتة، نشأت الهندسة والأبعاد، وتجلى الانقسام بين المادة (الفيرميونات) والقوى (البوزونات) كفصول وقواعد نحوية في قصة الوجود. بهذا، لا تعود المادة المظلمة مجرد مكون غامض، بل تصبح الشاهد الأول والركيزة المعمارية التي بدونها لم تكن هناك قصة كونية مضيئة لتُروى.

22. 

    @zianimohamedanwar

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    The Incomplete Ecton Equation: A Research Roadmap for Quantum Reality from Ashqaran's Science and the grammar of the Numbered Book
    Introduction

    This framework presents an incomplete theory of quantum reality, built upon first principles in algebra and spectral geometry. The objective is to provide a complete and unified description of the genesis of the universe, physical forces, and matter from a single fundamental structure, while resolving the structural challenges of previous theories. The theory is based on the "Ecton," not as a particle, but as a fundamental algebraic-spectral unit of excitation, from whose dynamics all known physical phenomena emerge. The constants of nature are not determined as arbitrary inputs but as an inevitable consequence of a "Topological-Algebraic Stability Principle," which posits that the observed values are the only ones that permit a stable and consistent total mathematical structure. The validity and predictive power of this framework do not depend on experiments at unattainable energies, but on its unique signatures in the observable universe and new computational mechanisms via algebraic quantum simulations.

    Definition of the Ecton (E): The Fundamental Unit of Reality

    The Ecton is not a point-like particle in spacetime, but rather the primary algebraic generator within the exceptional Jordan algebra J3(O) acting on a specific Hilbert space. It represents the smallest possible quantum of excitation in the mathematical structure of reality.

    Ecton Mass (m_E): This is an emergent and quantized quantity, not an intrinsic constant. It is dynamically defined through the stable spectral gap Δ_E of the total energy operator, where a spectral stabilization mechanism ensures this value is physically constant and independent of any calibration. The mass is zero in the state of absolute vacuum and acquires a positive value only when the algebraic structure is excited.

    Ecton Volume (V_E): This is not a spatial volume, but a measure of algebraic consistency. It is defined as inversely proportional to the smallest non-zero eigenvalue of the energy operator, V_E = 1 / min|λ(D_A)|. This definition imposes a fundamental principle: compressing the Ecton volume to zero requires infinite energy (because λ would approach infinity), which fundamentally prevents the existence of singularities in the structure of reality.

    Laws of Ecton Algebra: The interactions of Ectons are governed by the laws of non-associative Jordan algebra. Their fundamental interaction is measured by the Jordan product (a ∘ b). Their dynamics are not measured by traditional commutators, but by the Associator, which represents the primary source of all early universe dynamics. To ensure complete mathematical consistency, these dynamics are contained within a closed algebraic structure known as the Malcev envelope, where a correction term in the action suppresses any deviations outside this closed structure.

    The Unified Fundamental Equation (S_Unified)

    This equation represents the total physical action at the spectral-algebraic level, before the emergence of spacetime. It describes the dynamics of Ectons via a spectral Dirac operator coupled to the algebraic structure of J3(O), including terms that ensure mathematical consistency, algebraic closure, and spectral stability.

    The Symbolic Unified Fundamental Equation with Constants:

    S_Unified = Tr_ω { (1/4) Σ_I [D, π(E_I)]† [D, π(E_I)] + Ψ̄ ( i D_slashed(A) − Y(T11, Φ) ) Ψ + (1/2) N_R† M_n(T11, Φ) N_R + h.c. − [ λ_A(μ) ( Tr_ω( A_IJK A^IJK ) − M26^4 )^2 + λ_T(μ) ( Tr_ω( T11† T11 ) − M19^4 )^2 + λ_Φ(μ) ( Tr_ω( Φ† Φ ) − M7^4 )^2 + λ_mix(μ) Tr_ω( [T11, Φ]† [T11, Φ] ) ] − (1/(4 g(μ)^2)) Tr_ω( G_IJ G^IJ ) + S_ghost_BRST + S_topo + β_Malcev Tr_ω( C_Malcev† C_Malcev ) + Λ_gap ( min_{λ≠0} |λ(D_A)| − Δ_E )^2 }

    The Numerical Unified Fundamental Equation with Constants:

    S_Unified = Tr_ω { (1/4) Σ_I [D, π(E_I)]† [D, π(E_I)] + Ψ̄ ( i D_slashed(A) − Y(T11, Φ) ) Ψ + (1/2) N_R† M_n(T11, Φ) N_R + h.c. − [ λ_A(μ) ( Tr_ω( A_IJK A^IJK ) − (1.22×10^19 GeV)^4 )^2 + λ_T(μ) ( Tr_ω( T11† T11 ) − (2.43×10^18 GeV)^4 )^2 + λ_Φ(μ) ( Tr_ω( Φ† Φ ) − (1.4×10^4 GeV)^4 )^2 + λ_mix(μ) Tr_ω( [T11, Φ]† [T11, Φ] ) ] − (1/(4 g(μ)^2)) Tr_ω( G_IJ G^IJ ) + S_ghost_BRST + S_topo + β_Malcev Tr_ω( C_Malcev† C_Malcev ) + Λ_gap ( min_{λ≠0} |λ(D_A)| − Δ_E )^2 }

    Effective Action Equation in Four Dimensions (S_eff)

    This equation emerges from S_Unified at low energies, following the cosmic phase transitions and the condensation of the internal fields T11 and Φ. It describes the physics we observe in our four-dimensional world, including gravity, the Standard Model, and mechanisms that ensure the stability of the observed universe.

    The Symbolic Effective Action Equation in Four Dimensions:

    S_eff = ∫ d^4x sqrt(-g) { (M19^2 / 16π) R − (1/4) Σ_a (1 / g_a(μ)^2) F^a_{μν} F^{a μν} + |D_μ H|^2 − λ_H(μ) ( |H|^2 − v^2 )^2 + Σ_f Ψ̄_f ( i γ^μ D_μ − y_f( <T11>, <Φ> ) ) Ψ_f + ρ_DM[defects of A_IJK] + (M26^4 – ∫_{Δ_E}^∞ ρ_spec(λ) dλ) + V_stabil(g_int) }

    The Numerical Effective Action Equation in Four Dimensions:

    S_eff = ∫ d^4x sqrt(-g) { ( (2.43×10^18 GeV)^2 / 16π ) R − (1/4) Σ_a (1 / g_a(μ)^2) F^a_{μν} F^{a μν} + |D_μ H|^2 − λ_H(μ) ( |H|^2 − (246 GeV)^2 )^2 + Σ_f Ψ̄_f ( i γ^μ D_μ − y_f( <T11>, <Φ> ) ) Ψ_f + ρ_DM(x,t) + Λ_obs + V_stabil(g_int) }

    Field Transformations and Derivation of Constants

    The physical fields and observed constants are derived from the expectation values of the fundamental spectral-algebraic structures. This process is carried out via the following maps:

    Internal Spectral Transformation:
    D → D_A = D + Σ_I A_I [D, π(E_I)]
    T11 = P_11(A)
    Φ = P_7(A)

    Emergent Geometric Measurements:
    g_μν(x) = < Tr_ω( π(E_μ) ∘ π(E_ν) ) >_x
    A_μ^a(x) = < Tr_ω( T^a [ D, π(E_μ) ] ) >_x
    H(x) = f(Φ(x), T11(x))

    Derivation of Nature's Constants:
    G_N = 1 / ( 16π M19^2 · f_corr( <T11>, <Φ> ) )
    α_em(μ)⁻¹ = k_geom · < Tr_ω( Π_em |F_int| ) >
    M_k: ∂S_Unified/∂M_k = 0 and χ_topo(J3(O), D_A)|_{M_k} = χ_universe

    Gates of Force Formation and Phases of Cosmic Evolution

    The universe and its history arise from a series of cosmological phase transitions, governed by the wave function of the universe and specific, unique energy gates.

    The Multidimensional Wave Function: Before spacetime, reality is described by the wave function Ψ_universe[ A, E, D ] ∝ exp( − S_Unified[ A, E, D ] ), which is a quantum superposition of all possible algebraic structures, defined via a spectral path integral that ensures unitarity is preserved.

    Sequence of the Formation of Dimensions and the Universe:

    Pre-Explosion Phase (26 fundamental degrees of freedom): The initial state is a sea of Ectons E_I (I=1..26) in a quantum superposition, governed by complete non-associativity.

    First Gate at M26 ≈ 1.22×10^19 GeV (Crystallization of Causality): The Jordan associator A_IJK freezes. This event is the physical Big Bang, where the causal structure of reality originates. "Defects" in the associator map freeze to form the seeds of topological dark matter (ρ_DM). The immense potential energy M26^4 from this freezing, after being subjected to a dynamic spectral cancellation mechanism, forms the primary source of the observed dark energy.

    Second Gate at M19 ≈ 2.43×10^18 GeV (Birth of Geometry): The internal matrix field T11 condenses. This condensation stabilizes an effective 11-dimensional geometric structure and releases enormous energy, driving the cosmic inflation phase. Gravity emerges here as a manifestation of the curvature of this geometry, and its strength is determined by M19.

    Third Gate at M7 ≈ 1.4×10^4 GeV (Separation of Forces): The internal matrix field Φ condenses. This leads to the splitting of the 11D geometry into 4 extended spacetime dimensions and 7 compactified internal dimensions, stabilized by the potential V_stabil. The topology of these seven dimensions determines the symmetry groups of the standard model forces.

    Fourth Gate at M_EW ≈ 246 GeV (Acquisition of Mass): The emergent Higgs field H = f(Φ, T11) acquires its vacuum expectation value (v=246 GeV), breaking the electroweak symmetry, and the Standard Model particles acquire their masses.

    Explanation of Symbols and Values

    E_I: The Ecton (I=1..26). The primary algebraic generator within J3(O).

    D, D_A: The fundamental spectral Dirac operator and its modified form, acting as self-adjoint operators on a specific Hilbert space.

    Tr_ω: The Dixmier trace (or a regularized trace), used to consistently calculate the action in non-commutative geometry.

    A_IJK: The Jordan associator operator. Its freezing generates dark matter.

    T11, Φ: Internal operators emerging from the connection A. T11 represents an 11-dimensional geometry, and Φ represents the structure of the 7-dimensional internal space.

    M26, M19, M7: Fundamental energy constants representing the thresholds of cosmological phase transitions, uniquely determined by the Topological-Algebraic Stability Principle.

    C_Malcev: The algebraic closure operator that ensures the dynamics remain within the consistent Malcev envelope.

    S_ghost_BRST: The ghost term formulated according to a spectral BRST mechanism to ensure unitarity and the cancellation of non-physical degrees of freedom.

    Λ_obs: The observed dark energy constant, resulting from the dynamic spectral cancellation of the potential energy M26^4.

    V_stabil: The geometric stabilization potential that prevents the collapse of the seven extra dimensions via flux and Casimir energy mechanisms.

    H: The Higgs field, which is a composite field emerging from the internal geometric fields T11 and Φ.

23. 

    @zianimohamedanwar

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    تحولات الحقول وقياس الثوابت

    تُشتق الحقول الفيزيائية والثوابت المرصودة من قيم التوقع للبنى الطيفية-الجبرية الأساسية. تتم هذه العملية عبر الخرائط التالية:

    التحويل الطيفي الداخلي:
    D → D_A = D + Σ_I A_I [D, π(E_I)]
    T11 = P_11(A)
    Φ = P_7(A)

    القياسات الهندسية الناشئة:
    g_μν(x) = < Tr_ω( π(E_μ) ∘ π(E_ν) ) >_x
    A_μ^a(x) = < Tr_ω( T^a [ D, π(E_μ) ] ) >_x
    H(x) = f(Φ(x), T11(x))

    قياس ثوابت الطبيعة:
    G_N = 1 / ( 16π M19^2 · f_corr( <T11>, <Φ> ) )
    α_em(μ)⁻¹ = k_geom · < Tr_ω( Π_em |F_int| ) >
    M_k: ∂S_Unified/∂M_k = 0 and χ_topo(J3(O), D_A)|_{M_k} = χ_universe

    بوابات تشكل القوى ومراحل تشكل الكون

    ينشأ الكون وتاريخه من خلال سلسلة من انتقالات الطور الكونية، محكومة بالدالة الموجية للكون وبوابات طاقية محددة وفريدة.

    الدالة الموجية متعددة الأبعاد: قبل الزمكان، يوصف الواقع بالدالة الموجية Ψ_universe[ A, E, D ] ∝ exp( − S_Unified[ A, E, D ] )، وهي تراكب كمومي لكل البنى الجبرية الممكنة، معرفة عبر مقياس مسار طيفي يضمن الحفاظ على اليونيترية.

    تسلسل تشكل الأبعاد والكون:

    مرحلة ما قبل الانفجار (26 درجة حرية أساسية): الحالة الأولية هي بحر من الإكتونات E_I (I=1..26) في تراكب كمومي، محكومة باللاتجميعية الكاملة.

    البوابة الأولى عند M26 ≈ 1.22×10^19 GeV (تبلور السببية): يتجمد المقرّن الجورداني A_IJK. هذا الحدث هو الانفجار الكبير الفيزيائي، حيث تنشأ البنية السببية للواقع. تتجمد "العيوب" في خريطة المقرّن لتشكل بذور المادة المظلمة الطوبولوجية (ρ_DM). الطاقة الكامنة الهائلة M26^4 من هذا التجمد، بعد إخضاعها لآلية الإلغاء الطيفي الديناميكي، تشكل المصدر الأساسي للطاقة المظلمة المرصودة.

    البوابة الثانية عند M19 ≈ 2.43×10^18 GeV (ولادة الهندسة): يتكاثف حقل المصفوفة الداخلية T11. هذا التكاثف يثبّت بنية هندسية فعالة من 11 بعدًا ويطلق طاقة هائلة تقود طور التضخم الكوني. الثقالة تنشأ هنا كمظهر لانحناء هذه الهندسة، وقوتها تتحدد بـ M19.

    البوابة الثالثة عند M7 ≈ 1.4×10^4 GeV (انفصال القوى): يتكاثف حقل المصفوفة الداخلية Φ. هذا يؤدي إلى انشطار هندسة الـ 11 بعدًا إلى 4 أبعاد زمكانية ممتدة و 7 أبعاد داخلية ملتفة ومستقرة بفضل جهد التثبيت V_stabil. طوبولوجيا هذه الأبعاد السبعة تحدد زمر التناظر للقوى المعيارية.

    البوابة الرابعة عند M_EW ≈ 246 GeV (اكتساب الكتلة): يكتسب حقل هيغز الناشئ H = f(Φ, T11) قيمة توقعه في الفراغ (v=246 GeV)، مما يكسر التناظر الكهروضعيف وتكتسب جسيمات النموذج المعياري كتلها.

    شرح الرموز والقيم

    E_I: الإكتون (I=1..26). المولد الجبري الأولي ضمن J3(O).

    D, D_A: مؤثر ديراك الطيفي الأساسي وشكله المُعدّل، يعملان كمؤثرات ذاتية الامتداد على فضاء هيلبرت محدد.

    Tr_ω: أثر ديكسمييه (أو أثر مُنظم)، يُستخدم لحساب الفعل في الهندسة غير التبادلية بطريقة متسقة.

    A_IJK: مؤثر المقرّن الجورداني. تجمده يولد المادة المظلمة.

    T11, Φ: مؤثرات داخلية ناشئة من الاتصال A. T11 يمثل هندسة 11 بعدًا، و Φ يمثل بنية الفضاء الداخلي في 7 أبعاد.

    M26, M19, M7: ثوابت طاقية أساسية تمثل عتبات انتقالات الطور الكونية، محددة بشكل فريد بمبدأ الاستقرار الطوبولوجي-الجبري.

    C_Malcev: مؤثر الإغلاق الجبري الذي يضمن بقاء الديناميكيات ضمن غلاف مالسيف المتسق.

    S_ghost_BRST: مصطلح الأشباح المصاغ وفقًا لآلية BRST طيفية لضمان اليونيترية وإلغاء الدرجات غير الفيزيائية.

    Λ_obs: ثابت الطاقة المظلمة المرصود، الناتج عن الإلغاء الطيفي الديناميكي للطاقة الكامنة M26^4.

    V_stabil: جهد التثبيت الهندسي الذي يمنع انهيار الأبعاد السبعة الإضافية عبر آليات التدفق وطاقة كازيمير.

    H: حقل هيغز، وهو حقل مركب ناشئ من الحقول الهندسية الداخلية T11 و Φ.

24. 

    @raindrops7044

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    IT IS GOD

25. 

    @allzure4594

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    God left us a mystery to keep us busy, we toil in the soil for our answers but they bear fruit eventually. Thank you for explaining this so well

26. 

    @ДедокСирибоза

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    Today a googled "kurzgesagt dark matter" cause I wanted to watch a video on this topic and I knew kurzgesagt would nail it. I watched the video and then decided to see when it was published. Turns out – it was published exactly 10 years ago (minus one day). What a coincidence, I'm sure dark matter has something to do with it 🙂
    Thank you for the video, perfect as always.

27. 

    @기성-t5e

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    “What we don’t know that we don’t know” is actually crazy 💀

28. 

    @sumeetsharma4283

    October 4, 2025 at 10:26 pm

    So many things had to come together for billions of years for me to be sitting here today and wasting my time watching this video.

Comments are closed.