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Alva Noë: You Are Not Your Brain | Big Think

Big Think | April 9, 2026



Alva Noë: You Are Not Your Brain
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We’ve been looking for consciousness in all the wrong places, explains writer and philosopher Alva Noë.
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Alva Noë:

Alva Noë is a writer and a philosopher who lives in New York City and Berkeley. His work focuses on the nature of mind and human experience. He is the author of Action in Perception (The MIT Press, 2004), Out of Our Heads (Farrar Straus and Giroux, 2009), Varieties of Presence (Harvard University Press, 2012), and Strange Tools (2015). Noë, who received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1995, is Professor of Philosophy at the University of California in Berkeley, where he is also a member of the Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and the Center for New Media. He has been Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He has been philosopher-in-residence with The Forsythe Company and has recently begun a performative-lecture collaboration with Deborah Hay. Noë is a 2012 recipient of a Guggenheim fellowship and a weekly contributor to National Public Radio’s science blog 13.7: Cosmos and Culture.
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TRANSCRIPT:

lva Noe: One of the problems in the contemporary neuro-scientific study of consciousness, I think, is really sort of a basic fundamental one, which is that we’ve been looking for consciousness in the wrong place. We’ve been looking for it inside of us. For me, that’s a sort of profound mistake. It’s a little bit like trying to find the dancing in the musculature of the dancer or trying to find the value of money in the chemical composition of the dollar bill. It’s the wrong kind of place to look.

The idea that I’ve had in my work is that instead of thinking about consciousness as something that happens in us–in our brains or anywhere else–, why don’t we try to think of consciousness as something that we do or enact or perform in our dynamic involvement with the world around us? So, let me try to address the question what assumptions contemporary neuroscience has made that I think really need to be rethought. In a way, I think nothing encapsulates that more than the idea that you see all over the literature in this field, which is that you are your brain.

You, your personality, your emotions, your memories, your feelings are nothing but the action of your brain cells together with their associated molecules. In fact, those words that I’ve just uttered are almost an exact quotation of something that Francis Crick wrote. He called his book The Astonishing Hypothesis and he claimed that it was precisely this idea, that you are really nothing but your brain, that is the astonishing hypothesis that has sort of come forward out of contemporary neuroscience. He said that that idea is so strange to the way most people think today about themselves that it can truly be called astonishing.

But the thing I argue in my book is that, actually, the striking thing about that idea is it’s not astonishing at all. The idea the consciousness is inside us, that there is a thing inside of us that thinks and feels and that you are that thing, is an old idea.

Now, in the olden days the older generation of philosophers and scientists couldn’t conceive how that thing inside of you that thinks and feels and is conscious could be your brain. They couldn’t understand, couldn’t even imagine, how mere stuff, mere meat could do that. And so the contemporary scientists, they say, “Well, no, it’s the brain that’s the thing inside of you that does all that. It’s not the soul, the immaterial spirit.”

But the truth of the matter is we don’t have a better idea today how the brain does that than Descartes had how immaterial soul stuff does that. So when I say that the contemporary approach to neuroscience is resting on unquestioned assumptions, I primarily have in mind the idea that consciousness is something that happens inside of you.

Look, if I said to you, “Here is a dollar bill. Let’s look at it and try to discover its value,” you’d say, “That’s crazy because the value isn’t in the dollar bill.” Where is it? That’s an interesting question. And then if you came to me and said, “Look, I’ve got the best electron microscope in the world. Let’s really study that dollar and try to find its value.” No, you’re looking for the value in the wrong place. And the idea that I’ve had is that really the neuroscience of consciousness has been making that kind of mistake in assumption about where to look for an understanding of what consciousness is and how it happens, how it arises.

Written by Big Think

Comments

This post currently has 48 comments.

  1. @ShawnastyExtine

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    At the end of the day I can only speak for myself, but anyone can understand. We all have self image of ourselves that has gotten us through tough situations and developed a sense of self and content and a sense of control within this world. If you go by the neuroscience perspective that completed goes against what has “worked” for you. That’s why it’s hard for me to believe or go along with it. I’ve always seen my brain, mind whatever you want to call it as an addition. “Someone” I talk to in my head and someone that reminds me of things to do, memories when I need them, knowledge when I need it. I know it’s a brain, but for some of us it acts like a friend or a buddy that’s there when you need him. Maybe, I’m the only one, but I’m 31 and it’s worked for me all these years.

  2. @saintzayan8205

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    You gotta be a fool to believe that a human is just a brain when the brain can't even live on its own without other vital organs like the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys. The brain is just a vital organ that works hand in hand with other organs to keep the body functioning properly. Our body, in totality is a unit which makes us the being we are.

  3. @marcobiagini1878

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    I am a physicist and I explain why current physics leaves not room for the possibility that brain processes can be a sufficient condition for the existence of consciousness. The hypothesis that consciousness emerges from, or can be identified with physical, chemical or biological processes is incompatible with current physics.

    It is a scientifically established fact that a mental experience is associated with numerous distinct microscopic physical processes that occur at different points; there is no physical entity that connects all these distinct microscopic processes, therefore the existence of mental experience requires an element of connection that is not described by current physics. This missing element of connection can be identified with what we traditionally refer to as the soul (in my youtube channel you can find a video with more detailed explanations).

    Emergent properties are often thought of as arising from complex systems (like the brain). However, I argue that these properties are subjective cognitive constructs that depend on the level of abstraction we choose to analyze and describe the system. Since these descriptions are mind-dependent, consciousness, being implied by these cognitive contructs, cannot itself be an emergent property.

    Preliminary considerations: the concept of set refers to something that has an intrinsically conceptual and subjective nature and implies the arbitrary choice of determining which elements are to be included in the set; what can exist objectively are only the individual elements. Defining a set is like drawing an imaginary line to separate some elements from others. This line doesn't exist physically; it’s a mental construct. The same applies to sequences of processes—they are abstract concepts created by our minds.

    Mental experiences are necessary for the existence of subjectivity/arbitrariness and cognitive constructs; Therefore, mental experience itself cannot be just a cognitive construct.

    Obviously we can conceive the concept of consciousness, but the concept of consciousness is not actual consciousness; We can talk about consciousness or about pain, but merely talking about it isn’t the same as experiencing it. (With the word consciousness I do not refer to self-awareness, but to the property of being conscious= having a mental experiences such as sensations, emotions, thoughts, memories and even dreams)

    From the above considerations it follows that only indivisible elements may exist objectively and independently of consciousness, and consequently the only logically coherent and significant statement is that consciousness exists as a property of an indivisible element. Furthermore, this indivisible entity must interact globally with brain processes because there is a well-known correlation between brain processes and consciousness. However, this indivisible entity cannot be physical, since according to the laws of physics, there is no physical entity with such properties. The soul is the missing element that interprets globally the distinct elementary physical processes occurring at separate points in the brain as a unified mental experience.

    Clarifications

    The brain itself doesn't exist objectively as a mind-independent entity. The concept of the brain is based on separating a group of quantum particles from everything else, which is a subjective process, not dictated purely by the laws of physics. Actually there is a continuous exchange of molecules with the blood and when and how such molecules start and stop being part of the brain is decided arbitrarily. An example may clarify this point: the concept of nation. Nation is not a physical entity and does not refer to a mind-independent entity because it is just a set of arbitrarily chosen people. The same goes for the brain.

    Brain processes consist of many parallel sequences of ordinary elementary physical processes occurring at separate points. There is no direct connection between the separate points in the brain and such connections are just a subjective abstractions used to approximately describe sequences of many distinct physical processes. Indeed, considering consciousness as a property of an entire sequence of elementary processes implies the arbitrary definition of the entire sequence; the entire sequence as a whole (and therefore every function/property/capacity attributed to the brain) is a subjective abstraction that does not refer to any mind-independendent reality.

    Physicalism/naturalism is based on the belief that consciousness is an emergent property of the brain. However, an emergent property is defined as a property that is possessed by a set of elements that its individual components do not possess; my arguments prove that this definition implies that emergent properties are only subjective cognitive constructs and therefore, consciousness cannot be an emergent property. Actually, emergent properties are just simplified and approximate descriptions or subjective classifications of underlying physical processes or properties, which are described directly by the fundamental laws of physics alone, without involving any emergent properties (arbitrariness/subjectivity is involved when more than one option/description is possible). An approximate description is only an abstract idea, and no actual entity exists per se corresponding to that approximate description, simply because an actual entity is exactly what it is and not an approximation of itself. What physically exists are the underlying physical processes. Emergence is nothing more than a cognitive construct that is applied to physical phenomena, and cognition itself can only come from a mind; thus emergence can never explain mental experience as, by itself, it implies mental experience.

    Conclusions

    My approach is based on scientific knowledge of the brain's physical processes. My arguments show that physicalism is incompatible with the very foundations of scientific knowledge because current scientific understanding of molecular processes excludes the possibility that brain processes alone can account for the existence of consciousness.

    An indivisible non-physical element must exist as a necessary condition for the existence of consciousness because mental experiences are linked to many distinct physical processes occurring at different points; it is therefore necessary for all these distinct processes to be interpreted collectively by a mind-independent element, and a mind-independent element can only be intrinsically indivisible because it cannot depend on subjectivity. This indivisible element cannot be physical because the laws of physics do not describe any physical entity with the required properties.

    Marco Biagini

  4. @Alkis05

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    And yet, if your shred a dollar bill it loses it's value. But if you copy a dollar bill to a point where the copy and the original are indistinguishable they would have the same value.

    So there is something embedded in the dollar bill that makes it valuable. But yeah, a dollar bill is also an element of a larger system, namely a society that gives a special meaning for this object.
    I get it, but you did little to support your claim. I understand that that is a possibility, but you did nothing to defend it, or give a reason to believe that that is the case.

  5. @shayaandanish5831

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    Legendary. The problem is that contemporary neuroscience(I'd argue all material sciences) don't want to go against the assumptions no matter how dumb they are either out of arrogance if ignorance. The thing is the materialistic perspective is so prevalent that I a layman feel to be pressured into never bringing up the immaterial. But facts don't care about feelings, yet feelings care about facts, which in this case are the false assumptions being made.

    Regardless, the point I understood was that material sciences answer how and not why and that there are different explanations for different things. John Lennox actually introduced me to this idea.
    Watch John Lennox Did science kill god if anyone interested or by destiny reads this.

    In our arrogance of claiming to know all we forget and ignorantly assume

  6. @arthurheuer

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    2:55 Where is the value? It's in your brain. Yes, your environment affects and trains your brain. But conscioussness does not exist outside of your brain. Unless you're a religious nut, this is obvious.

  7. @Fi14-d2x

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    You are your brain. Filtered trough your bodily limitations it forms a consciousness. His point seems unclear to me, probably i don`t get his analogy.
    A brain is more the sum of its parts – Synergy is what describes it best. We don`t know if there really is an elementary "You", let alone what Consciousness really is.
    Maybe, if he likes to – he should put it to the test and put a bullet in his brain!
    Just to find out how much of a factor it is. Could be interesting…..

  8. @CesarRequenaRamos

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    The value of that dollar is in the subjective value you add to it personally, which is decided by your personality and personal experiences with money, all of which comes from the brain. Values are rational abstractions of emotions, thoughts and feelings combined. The assumption that you are your brain is the only not magical assumption when it comes to consciousness. Everything else requires faith or magical thinking or, as it's usually the case, a lame new-age definition of "consciousness" and a gross misunderstanding of science (for example a gross misunderstanding of string theory in which people believe your brain is connected to "other dimensions"). Since scientists can't work with magic (because it doesn't exist) or new age non-sense science fiction (because it's fictitious) they use a testable hypotheses that really hasn't been but collecting much evidence in its favor.

  9. @bereketbiz

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    he has a point. check about out of body experience and near death experiences. many people witnessed about being conscious after their brain stopped working. it's fascinating!

  10. @eddieking2976

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    Some woo woo panpsychism nonsense. I still think Vilayanur S. Ramachandran has the best explanation of consciousness. I highly recommend his book, The Tell-Tale Brian.

  11. @jameshayes3175

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    I think the majority of critics for this guy is missing what he's really saying. He's not saying that he has a soul, or something mysterious. He's simply stating that the way in which consciousness behaves is not necessarily looking at brain matter, but rather how that brain matter creates or designs certain things. Think of emergence. Psychology is an extension of biology in a way, just the way biology is an extension of chemistry, just the way chemistry is an extension of physics. Now, using that understanding, you could argue that you could using laws of physics to describe psychological processes. Not only would that be probably impossible, it would also miss out on the emerging laws of chemistry, biology, and psychology that produces meaning to psychological behaviours. He's not saying some immaterial soul exists, he's saying that the way we are looking at consciousness may not be the most effective way.

  12. @jezza10181

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    As is typical of self-indulgent philosophical meandering, this amounts to nothing more than personal opinion. The 'assumption' that the source of consciousness resides in the brain is so, simply because there is nothing to suggest otherwise.

    Where is this man's evidence for his claim? lol His statement is worthless. I could equally as well make the claim that the source of consciousness is up my anus (which is true in my case), and it would be as equally a 'valid' statement lol

  13. @Namewastakendamn

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    Can we please appreciate that this guy is NOT saying some spiritual nonsense, despite his calm, deep voice, but instead that conscious experience may be more in the ACT of the experience (the particular interrelation between the sensory stimulation and the motoric action that caused it. Seeing for example, is impossible with eye movement) than simply as a byproduct of neural processes. He's not saying the brain has nothing to do with consciousness. Sure, the brain is a precondition for consciousness and it''s very important, that does NOT mean that our consciousness is LOCATED in the brain.

  14. @MendicantBias1

    April 9, 2026 at 6:56 am

    If neuroscience has to look outside the material world for evidence of consciousness then they are no longer scientists, they instead become philosophers. The problem with philosophy is that it never feels compelled to follow the material evidence of the world around us towards logical conclusions. Philosophers and theologians often excuse themselves from the world of material evidence whenever they see fit and somehow think they are at an advantage because of this subjective relativism they are in possession of. Philosophy and theology have a lot of catching up to do, not the other way around.

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