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The Most Complicated Thing in the Universe: What is the Brain?

Alex O'Connor | July 23, 2026



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– VIDEO NOTES

Matthew Cobb is a British zoologist and Emeritus professor of zoology at the University of Manchester.

Get his book, “The Idea of the Brain: A History”: https://amzn.to/4bcRFCN

– LINKS

https://loc.closertotruth.com/map

– TIMESTAMPS

0:00 The Heart or the Head?
4:13 Medicine in the Ancient World
12:25 Why Don’t We Accept Evidence?
18:34 From Ancient to Modern Understanding
29:29 When Did We Reach a Consensus on the Brain?
37:41 Electricity in the Brain
39:58 Our Metaphors for the Brain
44:15 Is the Brain Segmented or Whole?
01:05:20 Why is Speech Governed by the Left Hemisphere?
01:18:55 Why is the Brain Split Into Two Hemispheres?
01:23:06 Where in the Brain Does Consciousness Originate?
01:32:46 The Ladybug Robot
01:35:08 Back to Consciousness
01:45:27 What is a Neuron?
01:56:04 Why is Smell Connected to Memory So Strongly?
02:02:14 Do London Cab Drivers Have Larger Hippocampi?
02:10:11 The Limits of MRI and CT Scans
02:19:24 Will We Ever Be Able to See Consciousness in the Brain?

– CONNECT

My Website: https://www.alexoconnor.com

SOCIAL LINKS:

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Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/cosmicskeptic
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TikTok: @CosmicSkeptic

The Within Reason Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/within-reason/id1458675168

– CONTACT

Business email: contact@alexoconnor.com

Brand enquiries: David@modernstoa.co

——————————————

Written by Alex O'Connor

Comments

This post currently has 49 comments.

  1. @PatrickGoodmang

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    i think i f8und it it5 a litteral 3rd eye the seat thegod throne or whatever u wana call it it is both 5impler than we thought and even more natural than super a5 theyt say which is a hilariously missleading term i mu5t put in my bLk tax b8k of Syn haha 5upra it5 a h@le @ther level than 5uper luv it haha comunication is my strong ssuit if u cant tell pfft XD XP P@

  2. @life42theuniverse

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    46:00 My hypothesis on horoscopes: Access to nutrient dense food is seasonal especially before the agricultural revolution. The nutritional profile of a person throughout their gestation is a function of the food their mother is eating and her exposure to sunlight activating vitamin d. A Chinese horoscope follows the orbit of Jupiter and cycles of sunspot intensity as it moves about its elliptical orbit approximately 11.81 years. The similarities between persons born in the same month or year are not as specific as either model claims.

  3. @PurpleKnightmare

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    I was born with childhood aphasia, my brain had to rebuild my language center. Not just speech, but language, read, right, listen/understand and speak. I said my first word while I was five, it was, "No."

  4. @DRSHMISHMORSHIN

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    The dumbest guy on the internet presents his theory of everything.

    Asmongold thinks that a video game gets made by a few developers, directors producers at a company unilaterally deciding what they want to work on…

    GTA 6 is going to be the most popular game of all time with the largest budget of all time. Movies are more expensive to make now than ever and have larger budgets. Games are already using procedurally content and AI.

    Destiny both 1&2 was an insanely profitable project, spanning over a decade with millions of players internationally. Unfortunately, Bungie as a company was not profitable due to poor prioritization and direction at an executive level which was most likely due to shareholder pressure.

    Another completely unoriginal, low IQ take from a guy that got famous for having poor physical hygiene… checks out

  5. @bambimbambas

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    I wasn’t feeling well rested after waking up so I decided to put on this podcast and sleep a bit more. And then I had a dream…

    For the context I was raised in quite a conservative Christian family and my parents would send me each summer to a Christian teenage camp. In the dream I was in such a camp and as a guest you came to speak up. Before your meeting with everyone, you ended up in my room and you decided to talk to us kids about some lively matters.

    Well, I listened to 1.5 hours of this podcast in my sleep and some part of it made it to that scene in my dream. It was quite an interesting experience because I was vividly dreaming about the things discussed in this podcast. It was quite fascinating

  6. @mohamedz7414

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    19:45 islamic scholars at the time considered dissecting the human body as disrespectful to those dead people cuz in Islam the value of the body stays the same even after death. and i think that what stopped Islamic scientists from dissecting dead humans so it was because of religion in this case

  7. @junestorm

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    Patient HM's fate: It's unbelievable that surgeons at that time really believed they could heal patients by just randomly removing parts of their brain without knowing ANYTHING how the brain works. Disgusting.

  8. @NK-qb4bp

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    Hello, I am new to this kind of topic, and I am really interested in learning about historical experiments on the brain and human anatomy. Is there a book where I can learn these?

  9. @raim6070

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    Interesting that this guest doesn't appear to know the difference between expressive language and speech. He states about 1 hour and 20 minutes in that damage to Broca's area would impact only the patient's ability to speak and not write. He also refers to it as controlling "speech" throughout the episode. But Broca's area is involved in expressive LANGUAGE, not physical speech production. A complete lesion of the area would impair both ability to produce spoken language and ALSO to produce language in other ways, like written and sign language. The actual muscles of the larynx, tongue, and so on would not be damaged unless the motor cortex was also lesioned. (Source: Am a neurologist).

  10. @Critical_Li

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    This conversation gets even crazier when you think about people with dissociative disorders like DID. Some people have alters that have different medical conditions only when they are fronting based on what parts of the brain are activated.

    There are also people like me with narcolepsy who are stuck in REM sleep and have markedly vivid dreams and have learned to lucid dream where you can recognize you are dreaming and go on to control the rest of the dream, both your actions and the things that happen around you. It feels so real that sometimes I can’t figure out what happened and what didn’t in real life. I’ve even fell asleep while in a dream, had another non-lucid dream, then woke up back in the first dream lucid again. The brain is wild.

  11. @BiggMacc417

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    I've thought for a while now that our brains are not like computers, they're more like what a quantum computer would be. I believe that when our technology progresses to the point of understanding quantum computing, we will have a revolutionary idea of consciousness and the brain.

  12. @RyanRobinson-u9h

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    So clickbait with these titles, which is a shame you've stooped that low. You don't even know what the universe entirely consists of? Also the entire concept of "complicated" is a subjective one, anyway..

  13. @spidermonkeyusa3222

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    I wonder if the brain could be damaged enough to lose object permanence but functional enough to describe what that felling is like. Unrelated comment but if I was a scientist in the 1930s I would do bad things.

  14. @Critique_incarnate

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    Evolution theory=myth of progress

    Only when you ignore the part before the flash of 'light' in the big bang depiction of the 'beginning' where there is no proveable beginning… Since to prove beginning you need to prove your measure of 'time' is 'now'

    Though…even with the modern logic…
    'You' cannot prove now=now now
    …without help…

    that is not godly, that is humanly…get godly or remain humanly…
    #NomSaying

  15. @joannware6228

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    For our paschal lamb, Christ, has been sacrificed.
    Therefore, let us celebrate the feast,
    not with the old yeast, the yeast of malice and wickedness,
    but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth.
    1 Corinthians 5

  16. @GeoPine

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    Finally a video with a proper scientist, author and materialist.

    Don't get me wrong, i like the to see idealist and philosophers get intoxicated with their catnip, running in circles without answering any question but i enjoy more someone that is actually doing something to find answers more than just making up answers.

  17. @gtamus

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    28:41 It echoes Gaston Bachelard: science does not progress simply by accumulating facts, it advances by constructing new concepts, often in rupture with ordinary language.

  18. @icarusgaming6269

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    I'm surprised people don't start drawing blanks after a while of talking really in-depth about complex subjects more often on this show, because I'm like this with every other word whenever I finish an episode. One time me and my friend did an experiment to write the names of 200 public figures from memory, 100 men and 100 women. It took on the order of 2-4 hours per list, and we both found once we reached about 70 we started drawing blanks on really easy ones. For example, mine was almost entirely pop singers, and I took the strategy of listing them roughly in order of when they became active so there was a chronological structure that would guide me. But near the end, when I was trying to come up with the artists I had discovered and started listening to most recently, I could barely do it! If you had asked me who I'd been listening to lately when I started I could have rattled them off no problem, but after a couple hours of intensive thought, even recency bias started to break down. Clearly there's a limit to how much you can push yourself intellectually within a short period of time

  19. @Xavbarker

    July 23, 2026 at 1:49 pm

    Hi Alex,

    I’m writing because something has been weighing on me ever since you announced you were no longer vegan, and I’ve struggled to articulate it until now.

    When you stepped back from veganism, you mentioned you would still publicly advocate for reducing animal suffering and continue engaging with the ethical arguments. But from the outside, it appears that this advocacy has almost entirely stopped. What confuses me most is how someone who once argued so powerfully that killing sentient animals for trivial reasons is morally indefensible could now see that practice as acceptable, or at least no longer feel compelled to speak against it. I’m trying to understand how such a deep moral conviction could reverse in this way.

    This question matters to me personally because your work was a major part of what led me to go vegan. Before encountering your arguments, I resisted the idea completely. But one by one, the justifications I relied on—cultural, practical, psychological—dissolved under the weight of the reasoning you presented. I reached a point where continuing to eat animals felt impossible. It was one of the most ethically transformative experiences I’ve had, and it was largely because of you.

    So I hope you can understand why your change in stance feels unsettling, even disorienting. I’m not trying to corner you or demand an explanation—I’m genuinely trying to make sense of how someone who articulated the moral necessity of veganism so clearly could come to see things differently. What changed, internally or philosophically, that made the killing of sentient beings for comparatively trivial preferences seem permissible again?

    If you’re open to sharing your thinking, I’d really appreciate it.

    Thanks for taking the time,

    Xav

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