The DUMBEST Sampling Mistake of the 90s…
The story of the song by Enigma Return to Innocence
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In the 90s, you couldn’t escape it. Enigma’s “Return to Innocence” was on the radio, on TV, and tied to the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. It mixed a Led Zeppelin drum sample with a soaring, ancient-sounding chant, and it became Enigma’s biggest US hit, reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100. But the most famous part of the song, that chant everyone can hum, didn’t come from a studio singer. It came from two elderly farmers from Taiwan who had no idea they were on it.
In this video, we dig into the story behind one of the biggest hits of the decade and the international lawsuit it led to. The voices belonged to Difang and Igay Duana, also known as Kuo Ying-nan and Kuo Hsiu-chu, a husband and wife from the Amis, one of Taiwan’s Indigenous peoples. In 1988, they traveled to Paris as part of a cultural tour, where performers were reportedly paid around 15 dollars a day. Their performance was recorded by a French cultural institution, the Maison des Cultures du Monde, and released on a CD of traditional Taiwanese Indigenous music.
Years later, Enigma producer Michael Cretu found that CD and built “Return to Innocence” around their voices. Cretu said he believed the recording was in the public domain. But the Duanas were never asked, never paid, and never credited. It was only after the song exploded during the Olympics that Taiwanese media identified the voices as theirs.
So two farmers in their seventies did something nobody expected. With help from Taiwanese label Magic Stone Records, they took on Michael Cretu, Virgin Records, EMI and other record companies. The lawsuit was filed in March 1998, and it raised huge questions about sampling, consent, and who owns traditional Indigenous music. In July 1999, the case was settled out of court. The amount was never disclosed, but the Duanas won full credit on future releases of the song.
We also look at Enigma’s earlier run-in with a Munich choir over “Sadeness,” the Duanas’ own album Circle of Life, Difang’s award-winning follow-up, and the heartbreaking way their story ended in 2002. In this video I discuss:
How Michael Cretu built Enigma into a global phenomenon
The Munich choir that sued over “Sadeness”
How “Return to Innocence” became a 90s and Olympic anthem
Who Difang and Igay Duana really were
How their voices ended up on a CD and then a worldwide hit
The 1998 lawsuit and the 1999 settlement
Their music career after the case and their legacy today
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@rnrtruestories
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
I've dropped another video this morning on my second channel here on the controversy over the Sadeness song by Enigma https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGkFGIOEyiE
@RVZNKaraoke
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
This song is on my list to make into karaoke, but now I want to check out Difang! I appreciate your videos!
@petrimurto8571
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
First four albums of Enigma were and ARE amazing! Even if you take the vocal samples away its amazing music! Vocals are just cherry on the top.
@blurredlenzpictures3251
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
I love the idea that those curmudgeons did this created this lawsuit as the supposed traditionalist, going after the money and the fame, and within a couple years bye, bye, that's what you get bye bye.Bye bye
@luciensanchez1200
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Taiwan #1!!!
@c_huntermc
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
You should do a video of how Trent Reznor ended up getting a cowriting credit on Old Town Road.
@adambane1719
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Wow ! This bro STACKING on those pounds !
Well I guess that leather jacket is never getting zipped up
@Morbos1000
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
I'd be more forgiving if this guy didn't have a history of sampling traditional music and not crediting the singers. Once is a mistake, multiple times is on purpose.
@JoJoShabbadoo
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
I still won't shut up about visiting Bali 😂
@MrCimryadeal
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Boring. I've watched half the video but still have no clue what the songs you refer to sound like. Clickbait.
@rickc2102
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Sadness takes me back to sexy bath time in college days.
@billcusbee
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
I always liked the Difang tune by Crete. Sadness was too overplayed. And I always thought he was riffing off of Deep Forest
@subs4794
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Clickbait title. Obviously one of the smartest sampling decisions, because he became one of the most successful artists of the 90s and a multi-millionaire even after paying settlements from the stolen samples.
@serratusx
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
The single was actually called Sadeness which was a reference to the Marquis de Sade
@PhantomFilmAustralia
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
He went out to record innocuous indigenous songs thinking it was as innocent as a Foley artist recording jungle noises.
@PaulSmoker420
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
I forgot how much I hated this song when it came out. Thanks for the reminder. 👍😃
@TheSpeaker-ew7ol
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
The not so innocent Return to Innocence.
@jenska67
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Yeah, Cretu wasn't big on asking for permissions. Anyway, the guy is a genius who made these incredible pieces of music in the 80s and 90s. Catholics were annoyed by the Gregorian chants used in pop music, but what it actually produced was an avalanche of young people seeking Catholicism. The old Taiwanese people were obscure before Cretu used their voices, and they are obscure after they got their settlement. In the end, it's talented people like Cretu who'll leave their mark on this Earth. He should have asked for permissions, though.
@flowww37
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
he learnt all his tricks from the best: Frank Farian (of Milli Vanilli fame)
@Angelboy99
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Greed and dishonesty!
@Tryna-B-Good
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
I didn’t like the song, and didn’t take much notice about it, and to be honest I thought it was Native Americans singing?
@innabit5961
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Now do Moby’s Play album 😉
@PatrickFalso
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
It's not "Sadness" Sadeness, as in the "Marquis de Sade." It's part of the duality of the song.
@edzukich
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Please don't mention Israel
@antek_hh
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Clickbait title. There were a lot of dumber sampling mistakes if my memory serves. This one would have been dumber if Cretu should have known better, but this wasn't blatant theft in any way, shape, or form. It would also have scored higher on the dumbness scale if the outcome had ruined the producer, which it hasn't.
@taftybufty
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Actually, it is assumed that the one who provided Michael with these "traditional" chants/samples and also those from the Gregorian choir group, was his long time musician friend Adrian Enescu, who was a famous composer for movie soundtracks who died in 2016.
It is assumed that it was him who provided Michael with this material and after the copyright lawsuits happened Michael had to take the blame to protect his friend from a reputation damage. They were both really good friends and they kept the friendship and their collaboration in Enigma under wraps and in secrecy. In 1991, Michael told the magazine BRAVO that the Gregorian chants "were provided by a close musician friend from Romania".
@AskDrannik
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
A thing I found out a few years ago: Yuzo Koshiro basically took Enigma's Sadeness and turned it into the Streets of Rage theme.
@SeverityOne
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
'Cretu has always maintained that he never set out to violate their copyrights.'
The thing is that we look at this with our knowledge and attitude of today, and we think 'well wasn't it obvious?'
In the 1980s and 1990s, people didn't particularly care about copyrights. Record companies started to get worried when DAT (digital audio tape) could make a perfect copy of a CD, without any loss of quality. And they got even more worried when recordable CDs came out. Before that, it hadn't really been a problem. You could make a tape off a record, but the quality would be even worse.
When it came to computer games, piracy was rampant, and it was just a normal thing to do. Companies jumped through hoops to make games difficult to crack, which only had the result that it became very difficult for a genuine owner to play. The cracker teams simply removed the copy protection, and put their own banner in its place.
So when Cretu said this, I believe him. It probably wouldn't have occurred to him that he was violating copyrights, because it simply wasn't on anybody's mind. The availability of affordable samplers in the 1990s meant that practically everything got sampled.
It was only after the copyright owners started cracking down on unlicensed use of their material that it crept into the public consciousness, and initially this campaign was met with a lot of resistance.
@cecilcollett2223
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
Every hiphop tune ever sampled someone often without permission or just so obviously lazy. Puff Daddy I'll be missing you such a lazy inspo-free song. Why pick on Enigma? Sadeness was otherworldly
@albeit1
October 8, 2026 at 6:04 am
All they had to do was ASK.