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Daniel Dennett Explains Consciousness and Free Will | Big Think

Big Think | May 7, 2026



Daniel Dennett Explains Consciousness and Free Will
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Daniel Dennett explains consciousness and free will.
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DANIEL DENNETT:

Daniel C. Dennett is the author of Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking, Breaking the Spell, Freedom Evolves, and Darwin’s Dangerous Idea and is University Professor and Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and Co-Director of the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University. He lives with his wife in North Andover, Massachusetts, and has a daughter, a son, and a grandson. He was born in Boston in 1942, the son of a historian by the same name, and received his B.A. in philosophy from Harvard in 1963. He then went to Oxford to work with Gilbert Ryle, under whose supervision he completed the D.Phil. in philosophy in 1965. He taught at U.C. Irvine from 1965 to 1971, when he moved to Tufts, where he has taught ever since, aside from periods visiting at Harvard, Pittsburgh, Oxford, and the École Normale Supérieure in Paris.

His first book, Content and Consciousness, appeared in 1969, followed by Brainstorms (1978), Elbow Room (1984), The Intentional Stance (1987), Consciousness Explained (1991), Darwin’s Dangerous Idea (1995), Kinds of Minds (1996), and Brainchildren: A Collection of Essays 1984-1996. Sweet Dreams: Philosophical Obstacles to a Science of Consciousness, was published in 2005. He co-edited The Mind’s I with Douglas Hofstadter in 1981 and he is the author of over three hundred scholarly articles on various aspects on the mind, published in journals ranging from Artificial Intelligence and Behavioral and Brain Sciences to Poetics Today and the Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism.

Dennett gave the John Locke Lectures at Oxford in 1983, the Gavin David Young Lectures at Adelaide, Australia, in 1985, and the Tanner Lecture at Michigan in 1986, among many others. He has received two Guggenheim Fellowships, a Fulbright Fellowship, and a Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Science. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1987.

He was the Co-founder (in 1985) and Co-director of the Curricular Software Studio at Tufts, and has helped to design museum exhibits on computers for the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum of Science in Boston, and the Computer Museum in Boston.
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TRANSCRIPT:

Question: What is consciousness?

Daniel Dennett: Most people think consciousness, whatever it is, is just supercalifragilisticexpialidocious. It’s something so wonderful, wonderful, wonderful, wonderful, that we have to sort of divide the universe in two to make room for it. All in one side, all by itself and I understand why they think that and I think it’s just wrong. It is wonderful. It’s astonishingly wonderful but it is not a miracle and it isn’t magic. It’s a bunch of tricks and really is I’d like the comparison with magic because stage magic of course is not magic, magic. Its bunch of tricks and consciousness is a bunch of tricks in the brain and we’re learning what those tricks are and how they fit together and why it seems to be so much more than that bunch of tricks. Now, for a lot people the very suggestion that, that might be so is offensive or repugnant. They really don’t like that idea and they view it as in a sort of an assault on their dignity or their specialness and I think that’s a prime mistake. It’s a mistake because it means if you think that way, you’re going to systematically ignore the pads of the pads of exploration of research that, that might tend to confirm that and you’re going to hold out from mystery, you’re going to hold out for more specialness and it’s really there and some people just can’t help themselves. They can’t take seriously. They won’t take seriously. The idea, the consciousness is an amazing collection of sort of Monday and tricks in the brain. And they say, “I just can’t imagine it” and I say, “No you won’t imagine it. You can imagine it. You’re just not trying.”

Question: What scares people about this idea?

Daniel Dennett: I think, I think the hidden agenda and not so hidden very often for all of this is a concern about freewill. I think at the bottom of the barrel, what people are really worried about is that if we have an entirely naturalistic and…

Read the full transcript at https://bigthink.com/videos/daniel-dennett-explains-consciousness-and-free-will

Written by Big Think

Comments

This post currently has 48 comments.

  1. @johnsnyder3443

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    Daniel Dennett is dead. Just like his nihilistic ideas. Now he knows the truth. And the Devil's laughing. His professor's pension and notoriety don't seem so important now.

  2. @Nolu.thandorr

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    This was such a hard listen, I’m convinced this man knows he’s wrong but is pushing a propaganda or better he doesn’t understand the concept of hard determinism.

  3. @Lizarus.un-sane

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    If ppl just can’t consider a certain way of thinking or world view only because they aren’t trying to or don’t want to says that they DO have the ability to choose which view they prefer therefore pursue evidence supporting that choice .. which IS an act of will

  4. @PrzemysławHynek-c5n

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    I think most people don't have free will because they are trapped inside their perception, their ego. Therefore they cannot think from the outside perspective. They will do something just because their subjective intuition. The curse of this world is that people are too self oriented and cannot think objectively.

    For those who think that making subjective decisions is exactly what free will is:
    You were designed certain way, so making decisions based on your subjective experience is a natural way. When your thirsty, you'll get something to drink, It's natural. Free will is when your thirsty but you decide not to stick to your natural behaviours.
    It's trivial example but I think It's easy to replace It with some everyday struggles that we all experience.

  5. @JoeySkate24

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    Hear me out. Doesnt matter if it exists or not. Why? Cause we have the ability to produce results. F the free will stuff. Even if we are puppets to our biology we can "make" (for the lack of a better word) biological predetermined descisions if we have reasons (data that our brain deems important) to do so. Plus we dont know yet the brain fully to make those assumptions. We know jack s***, about consiousness and thus free will too (if it absolutely exists or not). Maybe we discover a part of our brain in year 4000 that is independent from stimuli or some weird stuff who knows. for now, just act like you have free will to have a good life cause it seems life is way better that way.

  6. @chiropra1

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    Daniel Dennett died yesterday. Information is real. The information in our dna has been alive for, in fact, billions of years. What we think is influenced by what we have heard from others, like him. Maybe he lives on in some real and meaningful way like that.

  7. @solarionas

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    I have a friend who is almost always choses to go out from a two door room on a third door and this represents his free will which has no limits and totally independent from circumstances. Sometimes he even speeks languages he'd never learned. How do you do that? I ask sometimes. He has a simple answer: free will.

  8. @ervinperetz5973

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    Daniel Dennett does not 'explain consciousness' in this video (or anywhere else). He goes on about why people reject the notion of consciousness having naturalistic explanation; also something about awareness of our own reasons for doing things; and a few other tangents.

  9. @toreoft

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    The fundamental foundation of Christianity can be expressed without mentioning faith, they are in fact scientific, and logical axioms, as the last, it refers to The Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Absolute Truths (axioms) in Christianity: The words True and False are also in the same sequence, an expression of Good and Evil – The Earth is a place where both good and evil exist – Man learns the difference between good and evil because he can choose between them – Truth do not contradict truth and one truth can build on another, False can contradict False and contradicts Truth, and what one builds with False falls down – In order to build Truth on Truth (continuously and systematic), we must look up to something higher outside ourselves, and that highest is Jesus Christ.

  10. @andrewlehman1035

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    I have always thought that a computer is a better comparison for free will. The same way a brain is just neurons firing a computer is just 1's and 0's but the same way that we can get super complex videos or games or so on from a computer we can get conciseness from the brain. Conciseness is just a product of the brain, that's it, naturalistic no magic.

  11. @trafficjon400

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    BILLIONS OF YEARS IS AS FAR OFF THE CHARTS AS SAID. Man can dig and search the stars but billions of years is rediculous when we can't fathom 1000s years we keep mistking for by all other opinions of proof and belief whether we believe or not WE ALL BELIEVE WE ARE ALIVE BE FOR WE DIE.

  12. @glomerol8300

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    ~ The Singularity Is Still Here ~

    Does the universe have free will?

    If the universe is alive and conscious through us and its other creatures, whether here or on other planets– and all entangled in realtime, far faster than light– are those conversations, in a very real sense, conversations of the universe with and within itself?

    If the universe has free will, then do we if we are the universe?

    What is a thought, a dream? Where do they go? How can they be quantified?

    What can determinism mean in the fundamental context of infinity and realtime entanglement across distances that may not actually be distant at all, but in the same place, within a singularity?

    ——

    1. If there is uncertainty, then one cannot say with certainty that we don't have free will.
    2. There is uncertainty. (Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle)
    3. Therefore, we cannot say with certainty that we don't have free will.

  13. @christwist6998

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    I think that having or not having conscious actions and reactions are more flexible in that we have times in our lives in which more or perhaps all of our actions come from our automatic or subconscious minds while in other times in our lives, we have chosen what we have done for some reason. This kind of thinking takes us away from the yes or no thinking and more into percentages. Right now, how in control do you feel? Then we have to wonder which core thoughts and triggers change how much control we have.

    When I allowed my bipolar mind to control all of my actions and reactions, I did this because I had an addictive relationship with dopamine. I wanted more, no matter what the thought was, and so I looked for more of it. In this part of my life, I didn't have a lot of conscious actions or reactions. It was as simple as saying that I wanted something or I wanted to do something, so I needed to do it, which can be drinking, unhealthy amounts of sex with different people, or (especially for me) feeling like a genius because I lied and won because I lied so much. There isn't a lot of consciousness in this kind of thinking.

    After my TBI (traumatic brain injury), I had to relearn every single skill I now have. I learned how to be calm and learned how capable and useful I am when I am calm. I learned how to see manic thoughts and can now choose to not use that manic thought. It comes and leaves in my river of thoughts, and that's fine. The idea is that I can always choose which thoughts I want to use. I can't control the thoughts that I have, but I can always choose which ones I want to use. Every day, I have manic thoughts, and I have to choose to not use these thoughts.

    There are so many stories that have similar information, in which a person had less control and then learned how to control him/herself. I think it is always a percentage.

  14. @JohnWilliams-channel

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    Free will is slow. Neuropsychologists try to tell us they don't see it at the scale they measure, namely milliseconds. They tell us they can predict our behavior over milliseconds by monitoring the brain. But free will is slow. Slow in the sense of Daniel Kahneman's thinking slow. It takes time and practice to change our brains, but that is the essence of free will, being capable of self determination. Free will isn't measured in milliseconds, it's measured in lifetimes.

  15. @HEAVENmany

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    You smart guys think you can go on and on about this , But I've already proven it A 100 times an still you deny it.
    Say it can't be proven , your in denial. Hahaha

  16. @thrdel

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    Free will is defined as – the power of acting without the constraint of necessity or fate.
    Fate is defined as – events outside a person's control.
    So, free will is the power or ability of acting without the constrain of necessity or events outside a person's control.
    Everything we do is within the constrain of necessity or fate. We react to the environment. If there is no action there is no reaction. If the environment doesn't act on us we don't react.
    It is as simple as that.
    The act of choosing is defined as – pick out (someone or something) as being the best or most appropriate of two or more alternatives.
    That selection can (in theory) be random or determined by various factors from genetics, education to life experience and probably many other unknown factors.
    If the alternative we chose is dependent on determining factors free will is an illusion. If no such factors are considered the decision is considered random and free will is an illusion.

    We are 'responsible' according to Dennett for the education we didn't get. for the genetics and lack of life experience , for all the events in our life that shaped the 'program' according to which we operate and so on. I don't see any logic and reason in that.

  17. @vinylsoup

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    Common knowledge now that we don’t have free will they’ve done experiments where we respond to stimuli seven seconds before our brain even has time to think about it that’s not free will Also people are beginning to come around to the fact or what maybe fact that no matter how hard you squeeze the brain you will not squeeze consciousness out of it

  18. @BUILDINGINSP

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    Consider the following:

    [] SELF. REFLECTION

    [] ME’NESS

    [] I’NESS

    This electrochemical organ
    with its 100 plus billion neurons
    are creating the illusion of ‘I’ and ‘Me’

  19. @bobdillaber1195

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    If man actually had free will he would have wiped himself off the planet by now. Because then the scientists would be able to exclude the species from the process of evolution. That then is a dead end.

  20. @GaryDukeMusic

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    Agree with everything. Except the part that claims our consciousness is more competent (to use his term) than that of dolphins. How can we possibly know that? That’s anthropomorphising.

  21. @ittaiklein8541

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    I maintain that form is important in addition to content. If the speaker speaks to me as if he is telling a fairytale to a kid; his words lose clout, no matter how illustrious a professor he is considered to be.
    This problem occurs prevalently with Americans.

  22. @akash_goel

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    I agree with most of Dr Dennett's assumptions, except the anthropocentric idea that only humans can share their wisdom and learn from their mistakes. Chimps and bonobos (our nearest relatives in the animal kingdom) also display such properties as learning, planning and sharing of information – which can be considered a basic form of wisdom (which itself is subjective based on who you ask). Unfortunately for the animals, we don't have yet invented devices that can translate their language/vocal-sounds into something meaningful from our vocabulary, so the best we can do right now is just infer the basic ideas based on observing their behaviour and interactions with their environment (that includes the human scientists).

  23. @cecilmcintosh864

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    In other words….we still have no idea what consciousness is. Which is not surprising since none of these naturalists have any idea what evolutionary biology is, or why any laws apply to reality at all. "Consciousness is just a bunch of tricks…" then he fails to describe a single trick. I mean you should have at least one for the audience after making such a claim. And what is the trick being played upon? Consciousness, tricking itself?

  24. @SirDurok97

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    So if consciousness is just a set of tricks on the neuro-chemical system of our main neurological organ, that is brain, and if our brain is but a product of genes and environmental influence, via natural selection, then how could mr. Dennet arrive on his conclusion in the first place and declare it to be "the truth about what consciousness is"? If our a brain is only a blindly evolved organ throug millions of years of unguiding natural selection and if our thoughts, ideas, imaginations and feelings are but a projection of our brain based on it's own neuro-chemical reactions, which those reactions by their turn came to be as a result of a combination of genetic determination and various infuences from the enviorment (whether it is physical, social, economical, ideological or otherwise), then how can anyone actually have a clue of what reality is? Our consciousness be then the mere projection of our neuro-chemical history of various influences, either biological or environmental, and thus completely unable to give us a clear image of perception of reality; to put it otherwise, if mr. Dennet is true then his own permises are wrong for they are falling into the same verdict.

  25. @wild7goose

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    Wait wait wait…. Is the person Dan Dennett speaking here or is it the combination of biological material in a specific order/assembly speaking? Because if it's a person speaking and communicating these ideas then I, a person, actually have something to engage with
    and can make a choice to ponder. But if it isn't a person, if it is purely brain
    that is causing the body to move as it reacts to external stimuli and
    causing utterances to come out of the mouth of the body….then
    what are any of us doing?

    Dr. Dennett is a studied individual. That is clear. What is unclear after this is anything he said
    about consciousness and free will considering what he has gone on record for in the past
    about his presuppositions as a Natural Materialist. His Worldview literally undermines
    his ability to claim that he and anyone else can think/act rationally. Why should we
    believe anything he says at all if we are nothing more than brain chemistry?

    I'll let him speak for himself:
    – “I’m a robot, and you’re a robot, but that doesn’t make us any less dignified or wonderful or lovable or responsible for our actions, … Why does our dignity depend on our being scientifically inexplicable?”
    = Well Dr. Dennett, according to your Worldview and your very admission in your statement, dignity doesn't exist and is merely a clever trick our brain chemistry has evolved to trick
    us into perceiving. As robots, we are left with nothing other than our programming
    to which we literally CANNOT be responsible for since we are not the ones
    doing the programming.

  26. @miguelrosado7649

    May 7, 2026 at 3:48 am

    Consciousness is nothing more than the processing of sensory information by a biological entity that can sense its boundaries. The more sensory information that the entity is capable of simultaneously process the higher level of consciousness it possessed. The cell possesses the lowest level of consciousness, humans have the highest level because of it brain

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