True Facts: The Crazy Defenses of Butterflies and Moths

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Thank you:
Gino Nearns https://www.youtube.com/@GinoNearns
Alicia Hodson
Jojo Rocha, IG: @Jojoinsects
Dr Marco Antonio Giraldo Cadavid
Dr Juliana Patricia Sosa Espinosa
Dr Tyson Hedrick
Dr Aaron Corcoran, sonarjamming.com: https://www.youtube.com/@AaronCorcoran1
Dr Adrian Smith: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWxiO_Br1awgEjy79VItspQ
Dr Changku Kang
Dr Jesse Barber
Dr Akito Y. Kawahara
Dr Haider Butt
Konstantin Kornev
Dr Nipam Patel
Oshyan Greene
Jojo Rocha, IG: Jojoinsects
Dr Aaron Pomerantz
Damien Gailly
Dr Rachel Thayer

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Bode-Oke AT, Dong H. 2020 The reverse flight of a monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is characterized by a weight-supporting upstroke and
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Brunetti CR, et al. The generation and diversification of butterfly eyespot color patterns. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00502-4.

Chotard A, et al. Evidence of attack deflection suggests adaptive evolution of wing tails in butterflies. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0562.

Corcoran AJ, et al.. How moths escape bats: predicting outcomes of predator-prey interactions. doi: 10.1242/jeb.137638.

Corcoran AJ, et al. Optimal predator risk assessment by the sonar-jamming arctiine moth Bertholdia trigona. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063609.

Dinwiddie A, et al. Dynamics of F-actin prefigure the structure of butterfly wing scales. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.005.

Fuchiwaki, M et al. Dynamic behavior of the vortex ring formed on a butterfly wing. Exp Fluids 54, 1450 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-012-1450-x

Giraldo, M. A. (2008). Butterfly wing scales: Pigmentation and structural properties.

Hirata K, Otaki JM. Real-Time In Vivo Imaging of the Developing Pupal Wing Tissues in the Pale Grass Blue Butterfly Zizeeria maha: Establishing the Lycaenid System for Multiscale Bioimaging. doi: 10.3390/jimaging5040042.

Holmes GG, et al. Testing the feasibility of the startle-first route to deimatism.. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28565-w.

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Johansson LC, Henningsson P. 2021 Butterflies fly using efficient propulsive clap mechanism owing to flexible wings. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0854

Kawahara AY, et al. Tempo and mode of antibat ultrasound production and sonar jamming in the diverse hawkmoth radiation.doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416679112.

Kim Y, et al. Prey with hidden colour defences benefit from their similarity to aposematic signals. Proc Biol Sci. 2020 Sep 9;287(1934):20201894. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1894.

McDougal AD, et al. In vivo visualization of butterfly scale cell morphogenesis in Vanessa cardui. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Dec 7;118(49):e2112009118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2112009118.

Neil, T et al. (2020). Thoracic scales of moths as a stealth coating against bat biosonar. Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 17. 20190692. 10.1098/rsif.2019.0692.

Nishida K, et al. Butterfly wing color made of pigmented liquid. Cell Rep. 2023 Aug 29;42(8):112917. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112917.

Olofsson M et al. Deimatic display in the European swallowtail butterfly as a secondary defence against attacks from great tits. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47092. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047092.

O’Reilly, L.J. et al. Deaf moths employ acoustic Müllerian mimicry against bats using wingbeat-powered tymbals. Sci Rep 9, 1444 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37812-z

Osotsi MI, et al. Butterfly wing architectures inspire sensor and energy applications. Natl Sci Rev. 2020 May 23;8(3):nwaa107. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa107.

Piszter, G.et al. Investigating the Effect of Reflectance Tuning on Photocatalytic Dye Degradation with Biotemplated ZnO Photonic Nanoarchitectures Based on Morpho Butterfly Wings. Materials2023,16,3584. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ma16093584

Rubin JJ, et al. The evolution of anti-bat sensory illusions in moths. Sci Adv. 2018 Jul 4;4(7):eaar7428. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aar7428.

Suzuki K, et al. Revisiting the flight dynamics of take-off of a butterfly: experiments and CFD simulations for a cabbage white butterfly. Biol Open. 2022 Mar 15;11(3):bio059136. doi: 10.1242/bio.059136.

Thayer RC, et al. Structural color in Junonia butterflies evolves by tuning scale lamina thickness. Elife. 2020 Apr 7;9:e52187. doi: 10.7554/eLife.52187.

Written by Ze Frank