True Facts: How Snakes Move
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Many thanks to:
Matej Dolinay & Zuzana Dolinay, Living Zoology
https://www.youtube.com/@LivingZoology/videos
Dr. Bruce Jayne, University of Cincinnati, https://www.youtube.com/@jaynebc1
Dr. David Penning, Missouri Southern State University
Dr. Bill Ryerson, Cornell University
Dr. Jake Socha, Virginia Tech
Dr. Henry Astley, The University of Akron
Dr. Rulon Clark, San Diego State University
Dr. Malachi Whitford, Clovis Community College
Grace Freymiller, Clovis Community College
Dr. Noam Miller, Wilfrid Laurier University
Dr. Jennifer Rieser, Emory University
Dr. David Hu, Georgia Institute of Technology
Ninja Rat, https://www.youtube.com/@NinjaRat
Citations:
Astley HC, et. al. Modulation of orthogonal body waves enables high maneuverability in sidewinding locomotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 May 12;112(19):6200-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418965112.
Byrnes G, Jayne BC. The effects of three-dimensional gap orientation on bridging performance and behavior of brown tree snakes . J Exp Biol. 2012 Aug 1;215(Pt 15):2611-20. doi: 10.1242/jeb.064576.
Byrnes G, Jayne BC. Gripping during climbing of arboreal snakes may be safe but not economical. Biol Lett. 2014 Aug;10(8):20140434. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0434.
Freymiller, Grace A, Malachi D Whitford, Timothy E Higham, Rulon W Clark, Escape dynamics of free-ranging desert kangaroo rats evading rattlesnake strikes, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 127, Issue 1, May 2019, Pages 164–172, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz027
Hu DL, Nirody J, Scott T, Shelley MJ. The mechanics of slithering locomotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 23;106(25):10081-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0812533106.
Hu, D.L., Shelley, M. (2012). Slithering Locomotion. In: Childress, S., Hosoi, A., Schultz, W., Wang, J. (eds) Natural Locomotion in Fluids and on Surfaces. The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, vol 155. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3997-4_8
Jayne BC. What Defines Different Modes of Snake Locomotion? Integr Comp Biol. 2020 Jul 1;60(1):156-170. doi: 10.1093/icb/icaa017.
Bruce C. Jayne, Justin T. Baum, Greg Byrnes; Incline and peg spacing have interactive effects on the arboreal locomotor performance and kinematics of brown tree snakes. J Exp Biol 1 September 2013; 216 (17): 3321–3331. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.086652
Jayne BC, Herrmann MP. Perch size and structure have species-dependent effects on the arboreal locomotion of rat snakes and boa constrictors. doi: 10.1242/jeb.055293.
Jayne BC, Newman SJ, Zentkovich MM, Berns HM. Why arboreal snakes should not be cylindrical: body shape, incline and surface roughness have interactive effects on locomotion. doi: 10.1242/jeb.129379.
Jayne BC, Riley MA. Scaling of the axial morphology and gap-bridging ability of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis. J Exp Biol. 2007 Apr;210(Pt 7):1148-60. doi: 10.1242/jeb.002493.
Jorgensen RM, Jayne BC. Three-dimensional trajectories affect the epaxial muscle activity of arboreal snakes crossing gaps. J Exp Biol. 2017 Oct 1;220(Pt 19):3545-3555. doi: 10.1242/jeb.164640. Epub 2017 Aug 7.
Krishnan, Anush & Socha, John & Vlachos, Pavlos & Barba, Lorena. (2013). Lift and wakes of flying snakes. Physics of Fluids. 26. 10.1063/1.4866444.
Marvi, Hamidreza, Cook, James, Streator, Jeffrey & Hu, David. (2015). Snakes move their scales to increase friction. Biotribology. 5. 10.1016/j.biotri.2015.11.001.
Marvi H, Hu DL. Friction enhancement in concertina locomotion of snakes. J R Soc Interface. 2012 Nov 7;9(76):3067-80. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0132.
Newman SJ, Jayne BC. Crawling without wiggling: muscular mechanisms and kinematics of rectilinear locomotion in boa constrictors. doi: 10.1242/jeb.166199.
Rieser JM, Li TD, Tingle JL, Goldman DI, Mendelson JR 3rd. Functional consequences of convergently evolved micro skin features on snake locomotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Feb 9;118(6):e2018264118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018264118.
Savidge JA, Seibert TF, Kastner M, Jayne BC. Lasso locomotion expands the climbing repertoire of snakes. Curr Biol. 2021 Jan 11;31(1):R7-R8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.050.
Wu W, Yu S, Schreiber P, Dollmann A, Lutz C, Gomard G, Greiner C, Hölscher H. Variation of the frictional anisotropy on ventral scales of snakes caused by nanoscale steps. Bioinspir Biomim. 2020 Aug 12;15(5):056014. doi: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab9e51.
Yeaton, I.J., Ross, S.D., Baumgardner, G.A. et al. Undulation enables gliding in flying snakes. Nat. Phys. 16, 974–982 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-0935-4
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