What is life? A Nobel Prize-winning scientist answers | Paul Nurse Full Interview
“If we’re related to every living thing on the planet, do we not have a special responsibility for every living thing on this planet? They are really all our relatives.”
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What does it truly mean to be alive? Nobel Prize-winning geneticist Paul Nurse answers biology’s most fundamental (and elusive) question in his full interview with Big Think.
Drawing from decades of research, Nurse explores how five core ideas redefine life, from the hidden power of the cell to the bizarre machinery inside us all.
00:00 Why title the book ‘What is Life’?
00:53 What is the current biological definition of “life”?
02:38 What is the cell, and why is it important for understanding life?
07:09 What is the connection between humans and yeast?
11:37 The genetic advantage of yeast
13:45 Genes, dna, and evolution
22:39 What exactly is cell division and how is it important for understanding life?
23:50 How important is natural selection?
26:29 What are the consequences of natural selection?
30:25 Our responsibility to steward nature
31:09 Life = Chemistry + Information
40:39 What is the basis of all life?
Read the video transcript ► https://bigthink.com/series/full-interview/paul-nurse-life/?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=video&utm_campaign=youtube_description
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About Paul Nurse:
Paul Nurse, Ph.D, is a British biochemist. He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Leland H. Hartwell and R. Timothy Hunt for their discoveries regarding cell cycle regulation by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases. He became Rockefeller University’s ninth president in 2003.

@Aminsa-p9b
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
that was a critical thinking about life how life has been changed throughout time why we need a tremendous amount of energy to shape our fundamental units of our cells to grow more rapidly and more precisely to have a one specific form of life,
as the professor said we do have relatives across the globe and we do need to be careful about our relatives
@AKMZahidulIslam-d5o
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Even if we understand all the 105 elements on earth, of which all the objects are made of, still we know almost nothing about life from it.
Life itself is a projection from, not a resident in, the innate things; like it doesn’t live in a person's deadbody who was a living person perhaps a few moments ago.
@Gaspard306
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Life is Contest
@paulmaloney2383
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
If I had this guy as a biology teacher in high school, It sure would have made my biology class a lot more interesting.
@macroisthemicro
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Macroisthemicro
@rotorblade9508
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
not sure if there is an objective answer, it is rather the way we define life. we can just include all dna organisms in the set and maybe do a generic definition inspired from dna /rna based lifeforms
@dweedum731
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Beautiful explanation. One slight nuance that I see, just my 2 cents, is that Life = Chemistry + Information + Communication. Meaning, the communication of the information is required, otherwise it's just static information. Like an unread book sitting on a library shelf. It has all the information but it hasn't been read therefore the information hasn't been communicated.
@stephanieray6587
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Just bought the audiobook. I hope he reads it himself!
@Zupecki27
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
I feel like life is an attempt at anti-entropy.
@desi_patriot
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
More and more I increasingly believe that LIFE IS AN EMERGENT PROPERTY…
@StreamingTruth
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
The idea of a design without a designer is absurd. The hereditary information is established and encoded, at the fundamental level by the Creator.
@mazumdar2379
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Life is allegiance before the Creator
@ДжонКонэр
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Thank you very much for an interesting overview of the topic of information in the cell nucleus and the development of living things, about DNAIt would be great if you added a Ukrainian or Russian audio track. 🙏
@tiago.marquez
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
In my previous studies as a thinker, I used to think, what if a ribosome could ask who is God?
Does it know who my brain is? Would my brain to be its god?
I really thought deep about conciseness and its formation inside my brain and about the ribosome conciseness.
Information is a meaning of data, a relationship meaning between 2 or more data.
Like the elements then molecule, a number and a name then possible an age. Whatever it may be.
Try change the word management by reaction in the butterfly example.
In my actual intellectual believes, I understand life as the evolutionist interaction of elements, molecules and wastes.
New reactions and Inercia. Flows.
Consciousness is also this evolutionist process of cells that survived, reacting with the environment inside and outside.
The word life means all our senses together. Cells interacting with environment and reinforcing new moves, starting new quimical interactions, creating new geometries and storing whow to react next time or die, to be separetade from what is living.
For example, I tried a simple thinking experiment. If a person is born without any senses but it is artificially feed, what this person would think in an advantage age? Nothing, the answer is fast. How about if it person has fewer senses but not all, a blind or a unhearing. Then we think this person must think about something.
So what is consciousness for us and a butterfly is not so different.
We react with the environment all the time.
When we talk to someone, when we eat a meal.
But it does not remove the misterious of God and the start of elements.
AND, recently I thought about something possible with Artificial Intelligence.
Disregard the processing power and infinite atomic acquisition possibilities, the Universe is predictable. A person may be 100% predictable.
Your actions are predictable, your "wishes", moves, everything will be predictable as we already do with world weather.
@tomashultgren4117
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Information as stored in genes is not enough – despite what Dawkins claims. Modern science has demonstrated that there is an inifinite amount of information stored in the cell, as transmitted by the egg, that runs the entire cell, and its development to an evolved creature, handling the information that is stored in the genes. Genes are like a hard drive that needs a cell to deal with the stored data. Chemistry alone cannot spontaneously develop the power to run this show and to produce living cells and then living advanced creatures. There are other forces involved that we do not yet grasp – and maybe never will.
@maytee672
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
life is the process of metabolism in which beneficial matter is absorbed and the poisonous products expelled, and the rest is story.
@strummy77
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Paul Nurse doing a Kipling with this collection of “just-so” stories and beautiful theories. Problem is, lots of beautiful theories are destroyed by ugly facts. The theory that DNA copying errors drives evolution has already been debunked if one keeps up with the pace.
Paul Nurse hasn’t. Has he?
Astrologers make sweeping statements about the stars and constellations while knowing nothing of the cosmological logistics behind their discipline and I see a huge similarity here with Paul Nurse making sweeping statements explaining “what is life” while ignoring the elephant in the room.
Frankly anyone with an ounce of nous, that has gained knowledge (most people haven’t) regarding sub-cell activity such as protein synthesis the membrane structure with its million apt potassium pumps etc, then puts it all down to a collection of fortuitous accidents accumulated over billions of years is rather dimwitted. Yes, dimwitted! They love to call themselves scientists using the preface: “ I’m a scientist” before expressing an opinion. Well the information explosion has exposed them for what they truly are; Joe bloggs who attended classes.
C.S Lewis wisely said “there is no such thing as a scientist, there are the sciences; and those who study them. Too many people who study those sciences lack the humility to truly understand what knowledge they have gained. Paul Nurse a case in point.
@unleashthefury111
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Ask an idealists what life is, not a biologist. You'll get a much more profound answer
@amreshkumar8895
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Great pacing and editing.
@liberty-matrix
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
"Think about it this way. Your body is made of elements forged in the nuclear furnaces of ancient stars. Your breath is the atmosphere of this planet cycling through you moment by moment. Your thoughts arise from the same creative intelligence that spins galaxies and grows forests. Where exactly does the universe end and you begin? The truth is what you call yourself is actually the cosmos looking out through your eyes, listening through your ears, thinking through your mind. It's the universe becoming conscious of itself through the temporary arrangement of atoms and awareness that you call your name." ~Alan Watts
@AlmaP.Prifti
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
Another banger
@LocalTransportationGuy
July 23, 2026 at 11:55 pm
I certainly look forward to this video and very much applaud Paul Nurse's effort in defining "life". Common agreed to word definitions have long been a need in Natural History research and education. However, I'm not so sure that "natural selection" should be included as a key concept in the definition of "life."
During my decades of independent study of Natural History, my favorite author of all time became the now late cytogeneticist, Antonio Lima-de-Feraria. Among Lima-de-Feraria's many books, was his very readable EVOLUTION WITHOUT SELECTION: FORM AND FUNCTION BY AUTOEVOLUTION (1988):
"The book argues that only physical and chemical processes are real and the modern neo-Darwinian population genetics approach to evolution is misguided. Lima-de-Faria emphasizes that the laws of physics and chemistry generate the basic forms found in living organisms, and that physicochemical forces and organisms interact at many levels. The central premise of the book is that the current models of biological evolution such as the modern evolutionary synthesis ignore the active contribution of these forces." —- Wikipedia.
DandyDan, self proclaimed grand master of whole wheat, sourdough, sandwich bread using my decades old sourdough yeast culture;